009.2 Fitness industry jargon
Cirencester Personal Trainer.
Anatomical terms and fitness jargon.
Within the fitness industry we use allot of anatomical jargon to describe movement but when setting out a training plan the general public may not understand the meaning of such wording, so please find below a simple breakdown of these terms.
Hyperextension – An increase in extension that takes the bones beyond their anatomical position, as at the shoulder, spine or hip joints.
Abduction/adduction – Abduction takes a bone away from the midline of the body. Adduction is the reverse of this and takes a bone towards the midline of the body.
Flexion/extension – Flexion reduces the angle at the joint or to bend a limb, for example bending the arm at the elbow. Extension increases the angle at the joint, for example the arm or straightening the leg.
Elevation/depression – Elevation lifts the bone, while depression lowers it, as at the shoulder girdle.
Protraction/retraction – Protraction takes a bone forwards, while retraction takes it backwards, as at the shoulder girdle.
Circumduction flexion/extension – This moves the bone around in a circle, as at the shoulder or hip joints.
Internal (medial)/external (lateral) rotation – Internal rotation moves the bone towards the midline of the body, while external rotation moves the bone away (laterally) from the midline of the body, by turning on its long axis.
Lateral flexion – Lateral flexion brings about a side bending action, as at the spine.
Horizontal flexion/extension – This is specific to the shoulder joint. Horizontal flexion moves the humerus from the side to the midline of the body, as when clapping the hands. Horizontal extension is the reverse of this.
Pronation/supination – This is specific to the action of turning the palm, either pronating to turn the palm down or supinating to turn the palm up.
Prone/supine – Prone means to face upwards and supine means to face downwards i.e. lie in a prone position would be to lie facing the floor and to lye in a supine position would be to lie facing the sky.
Plantar/dorsi flexion – This is specific to the ankle joint. Plantar flexion points the foot (plants the toes), while dorsi flexion draws the foot towards the lower leg.
Inversion/eversion – This is specific to the joints of the foot. Inversion is an internal rotation, which turns the sole inwards, while eversion is an external rotation, which turns the sole outwards.
Opposition – This describes the specific movement of touching the thumb to the fingers.
Also below are the two types of contraction which occur during exercise:
Isometric – Think abdominal plank, a form of exercise where a static hold is performed.
Isotonic concentric/eccentric – Here were are talking about the shortening (concentric) and lengthening (eccentric) of a muscle, think of the bicep curl, drawing the hand towards the shoulder is the concentric phase, the bicep muscle is shortening, and the when lowering the hand back down towards the side of the body is the eccentric phase, the bicep now is at its full length.
Enjoy.
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Cirencester - GL7 1YG
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